如何用英文解釋中華文化：名勝古蹟×飲食文化×節日習俗×歷史脈絡（修訂版）

前言  Preface

歷史與地理  History and Geography
    在中國的文化史上有哪四大發現？  What four great discoveries have been made in the course of Chinese civilization?
    什麼是「九州」？  What is jiuzhou?
    什麼是「郡、縣」？  What is jun and xian?
    什麼是「國」？  What is guo?
    什麼是「道」？  What is dao?
    什麼是「路」？  What is lu?
    什麼是「省」？  What is sheng?
    中國有哪十大風景名勝？  What are the ten major scenic sights in China?
    人們對中國的部分景點有哪些讚美之詞？  What are some popular sayings praising some of China's scenic sights?
    中國名山的名稱是怎樣得來的？  What are the origins of the names of famous mountains in China?
    中國以前有哪些主要朝代？  What are the major dynasties of ancient China?
    怎樣簡述中國領土和行政區域？  Will you give us a brief introduction of the Chinese territory and administrative divisions?

天文與時令  Astronomy and Seasons
    中國古代早期的天文發展是什麼樣的情況？  What is the early history of ancient Chinese astronomy?
    中國古代人們一般怎樣看待天文？  How popular was astronomy in ancient China?
    什麼是三垣、四象、二十八宿？  What are 3 yuan, 4 xiang and 28 xiu?
    什麼是上古、中古、三古？  What are the Remote Ancient Times, the Middle Ancient Times and the Three Ancient Times?
    什麼是陰曆？  What is the Chinese lunar calendar?
    什麼是「黃曆」和「皇曆」？  What are the “Huang Di Almanac” and the “Imperial Calendar?”
    什麼是節氣？  What is jieqi?
    什麼是天干、地支？  What are tiangan and dizhi?
    什麼是生肖？  How does the Chinese Zodiac work?

漢字的產生與演變  Origin and Evolution of Chinese Characters
    漢字是怎樣演變的？  How have Chinese characters evolved?
    你能告訴我一些今體漢字的情況嗎？  Could you tell me something about the modern styled characters?
    漢字是怎樣構成的？  What elements are used to define Chinese Characters?
    學習漢字難嗎？  Is it difficult to learn Chinese characters?
    拼音是什麼時候出現的？  When was pinyin introduced?

姓名的由來  Origin of Chinese Names
    你能講講有關中國姓氏的來歷嗎？  Could you tell me something about the origin of Chinese surnames?
    有些早期的姓氏是怎樣出現的？  What are the origins of some early Chinese surnames?
    什麼是《百家姓》和《千家姓》？  What are The Hundred Family Surnames and The Thousand Family Surnames?
    請講一講「名」的事宜，好嗎？  Please tell me something about Chinese given names.
    在中國，常用的稱謂有哪些？  What are some common titles and forms of address in China?
    「丈夫」這個稱謂是怎樣出現的？  What is the origin of zhangfu?
    「太太」這個稱謂是怎樣出現的？  What is the origin of taitai?

古代婚姻  Chinese Marriage in Ancient Times
    怎麼解釋「婚姻」二字？  Could you explain the Chinese words hunyin?
    中國古代婚姻有什麼禮節？  What were the rituals of Chinese marriage in ancient times?
    中國不同朝代的婚齡是一樣的嗎？  What was legal age to marry in ancient China?
    中國古代婦女是為何開始裹腳的？  Why did women begin to have their feet bound in ancient China?
    以前婦女裹腳的情況是怎樣的？  How did the women have their feet bound in ancient China?
    婦女裹腳是如何終止的？  How was the custom of foot-binding discontinued?
    「設男女之大防」是怎樣出現的？  How did gender segregation begin?

傳統服飾  Ancient Chinese Clothes
    漢代之前的中國傳統服飾是什麼樣式？  What did ancient Chinese clothes look like before the Han Dynasty?
    自漢朝起古代中國傳統服飾發生了什麼變化？  What changes in ancient Chinese traditional clothes have happened since the Han Dynasty?
    現在傳統樣式的衣服仍然受歡迎嗎？  Are the traditional-style clothes still popular now?
    有關裙子的出現有什麼傳說嗎？  What are the legendary stories about the origin of the skirt?
    旗袍是怎樣出現的？  Could you tell me the origin of qipao?
    你對古代帝王服裝知道多少？  How much do you know about the emperors' clothing in ancient China?
    古代官員穿的是統一顏色的袍服嗎？  Did ancient officials wear robes in the same color?
    你可以告訴我中山裝是怎麼出現的嗎？  Could you tell me the origin of the Sun Yatsen Suit?

飲食  Chinese Food
    請你略談一下中餐，好嗎？  Could you give me a briefing on Chinese food?
    你可以再談談中餐嗎？ Could you give me some more information about Chinese food?
    歷史上烹調發展的概況是什麼？  How has Chinese cooking evolved throughout history?
    你對清代皇帝進膳的情況知道多少？  How much do you know about imperial meals prepared for the emperors of the Qing Dynasty?
    陰陽特點與中餐有什麼關係？  How is yin and yang featured in Chinese food?
    你對中餐中的豆類食品知道多少？  How much do you know about soy bean foods in China?

傳統酒文化  Chinese Alcohol Culture
    中國人在喝酒時有哪些禮節？  How do Chinese behave when drinking?
    在飲酒時，人們玩什麼遊戲？  What drinking games do people play?
    酒對中國文化有影響嗎？  Have alcoholic beverages exerted any influence on Chinese culture?
    你能講講中國歷史上禁酒的情況嗎？  Has there been any prohibition against drinking alcohol in Chinese history?
    中國有哪些名酒？  What famous liquors are there in China?

品茶  Chinese Tea Culture
    請你簡要談談茶，好嗎？  Could you give me a briefing on Chinese Tea?
    飲茶有什麼好處嗎？  What are the benefits of tea drinking?
    請你談談飲茶的禮節，好嗎？  Could you tell me someting about Chinese tea etiquette?
    你對古代茶的發展瞭解多少？  How did tea develop in ancient China?
    如何選茶葉，怎樣沏綠茶？  How to select tea and how to brew green tea?
    你對中國的茶具瞭解多少？  What can you tell me about Chinese teapots?
    中國有哪些名茶？  What well-known teas are there in China?

風俗習慣  Traditional Customs
    什麼是麒麟？  What is Chinese unicorn?
    什麼是鳳凰？  What is phoenix?
    什麼是龍？  What is dragon?
    什麼是龜？  What is tortoise?
    「紫氣東來」有什麼含義？  What does “the purple cloud coming from the east” mean?
    為什麼人們常常倒貼「福」？  Why is the Chinese character “happiness” often pasted upside down on a door or a wall?
    紅、黃顏色有什麼特點？ What are the implications of red and yellow colors?
    祝壽送壽桃的由來是什麼？  Why do people often give longevity peaches to express birthday good wishes?
    民間四大傳說講的是什麼？  What are the four great legends about?
    什麼是「八仙」？  Who are the Eight Immortals?
    灶神的由來是什麼？  What is the origin of the Kitchen god?

傳統節日  Traditional Festivals
    「年」是怎麼來的？  What is the origin of nian?
    人們在春節前和春節期間主要做些什麼？  What do people mainly do before and during the Spring Festival?
    關於門神的由來有什麼傳說？  What are the legends about the origins of the Door god images?
    為什麼人們要在春節時放爆竹？  Why do people set off firecrackers during the Spring Festival?
    你對元宵節知道多少？  How much do you know about the Lantern Festival?
    端午節是怎樣產生的？  What is the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival?
    什麼是清明節？  What is the Clear and Bright Festival?
    什麼是中秋節？  What is the Midautumn Festival?

古代科舉  Imperial Examination System in Ancient China
    什麼是科舉考試？  What is the Imperial Examination System?
    你對科舉考試還瞭解多少？  How much more do you know about the Imperial Examination System?
    科舉制度的優點和缺點是什麼？  What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Imperial Examination System?
    你對唐朝以後的學校瞭解多少？  How much do you know about the ancient schools after the Tang Dynasty?
    什麼是「四書五經」？  What are “The Four Books and the Five Classics”?
    古代社會有哪四個等級？  What were the four classes in the ancient Chinese society?

不同朝代的文化發展  Cultural Development in Ancient China
    新石器時代文化發展的概況是什麼？  Could you tell me about the culture in the Neolithic times?
    夏、商、周文化發展的概況是什麼？  Could you tell me about the culture in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties?
    秦、漢文化發展的概況是什麼？  Could you tell me about the culture in the Qin and Han dynasties?
    六代文化發展的概況是什麼？  Could you tell me about the culture during the Six Dynasties?
    隋、唐文化發展的概況是什麼？  Could you tell me about the culture during the Sui and Tang dynasties?
    宋朝文化發展的概況是什麼？  Could you tell me about the culture in the Song Dynasty?
    元朝文化發展的概況是什麼？  Could you tell me about the culture in the Yuan Dynasty?
    明、清文化發展的概況是什麼？  Could you tell me about the culture in the Ming and Qing dynasties?

古建築風格  Ancient Chinese Architecture
    中國原始社會房屋建築的概況是怎樣的？  How did primitive dwellings evolve?
    中國進入階級社會時的房屋建築有什麼變化？  What were the housing changes as classes emerged in Chinese society?
    漢朝末年中國建築有什麼特徵？  What were the features of ancient Chinese architecture by the end of the Han Dynasty?
    從唐朝到清朝房屋建築的概況是怎樣的呢？  How did architecture evolve from the Tang to the Qing Dynasty?
    古建築如何反映了封建社會裡的等級制？ How did ancient buildings reflect the social system of feudal China?
    古建築的色彩有什麼特點？  What role did color play in ancient Chinese architecture?
    你能講講亭臺樓榭嗎？  Could you tell me something about towers and pavilions?

道教與佛教  Daoism and Buddhism
    老子和莊子是誰？  Who are Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi?
    什麼是《道德經》？  What is Dao De Jing?
    你對道教瞭解多少？  How much do you know about Daoism?
    什麼是神仙？  What are shen and xian?
    什麼是佛教？  What is Buddhism?
    你能簡要介紹一下佛教在古代中國的早期發展嗎？  Could you give me a brief introduction of Buddhism in the early years of ancient China?
    佛教在古代中國的什麼時候處於旺盛時期？  When did Buddhism flourish in ancient China?
    什麼是淨土宗？  What is the Pure Land Buddhism?
    什麼是禪宗？  What is the Zen Sect of Buddhism?
    什麼是天臺宗？  What is the Tiantai Sect of Buddhism?
    什麼是華嚴宗？  What is the Huayan Sect of Buddhism?

附錄  Appendices

購物  Shopping
    去購物的路上  On the Way to Stores
    在絲綢店  In a Silk Store
    在書畫市場  At a Painting and Calligraphy Market
    在陶瓷市場  At a Pottery and Porcelain Market
    在玉器店  At a Jade Store
    在中藥店  At a Herb Store

部分景點細節描述範例  Highlights of Some Famous Scenic Spots
    天安門廣場  Tian'anmen Square
    故宮部分大殿  Some Main Halls in the Palace Museum
    天壇  The Temple of Heaven
    頤和園的部分描述  Description of Some Parts in the Summer Palace
    雲岡的部分石窟  Parts of Yungang Grottoes
    西安郊外  Environs of Xi'an
    登泰山  Ascending Mt.Taishan
    洛陽白馬寺  The White Horse Temple in Luoyang
    南京明孝陵和中山陵  The Mingxiaoling Tomb and Sun Yatsen Mausoleum out of Nanjing City
    部分蘇州園林  Some Gardens in Suzhou
    九寨溝部分景點  Some Scenic Attractions in Jiuzhaigou Valley

家訓集覽  Traditional Family Instructions
    夫婦之際，人道之大倫  The Relationship Between Husband and Wife Is the Great Moral Relationship of Human Ethics
    納少者，謂之淫  Remarrying a Young Woman Reflects a Lack of Morality
    兄弟相處之日最長  Brothers Spend the Longest Time Together
    四海皆兄弟  All Within the Four Seas are Brothers
    奔死免父，孝也  It Is Filial Piety if by Returning I Will Exempt Our Father from Death
    不孝者有五  The Five Traits Unfit for Sons
    骨肉之親  The Flesh and Blood Relationship
    為子之道  The Way of a Son
    事事立個章程  Set Up Rules for Everything
    治家之法  Way of Household Management
    節儉持家  Economical Housekeeping
    勤勞為本  Industry Is the Foundation
    勤督訓子女  Constantly Educate Children
    愛之當教之  Those Who Love Their Children Should Educate Them
    伯俞有過  Bo Yu Makes a Mistake
    君子之道，修身為上  The Gentleman's Way Is to Cultivate His Moral Character
    人需要立志  People Need to Make a Resolution
    求君子之道  Seek the Way of a Gentleman
    太宗謂皇屬  Taizong's Words to His Imperial Family Members
    知足常樂  Contentment Brings Happiness

古代寓言  Popular Chinese Fables
    杞人憂天  Unnecessary Worry
    狐假虎威  The Fox Borrows the Tiger's Terror
    東施效顰  Dong Shi Imitates Eyebrows Knitting
    葉公好龍  Insincere Love of Dragons
    自相矛盾  Self Contradiction
    守株待兔  Waiting by a Tree Stump for More Rabbits to Bump into the Tree
    紀昌學射  Ji Chang Learns How to Shoot an Arrow
    刻舟求劍  Marking Where the Sword Fell
    鷸蚌相爭  The Fight Between a Snipe and a Clam
    雞犬皆仙  When a Man Attains the Dao Way Even His Pets Ascend to Heaven
    塞翁失馬  Loss Sometimes Spells Gain
    畫蛇添足  Adding Feet to a Sketch-snake
    黔驢技窮  The Donkey in Guizhou Exhausted Its Tricks
    拔苗助長  Trying to Make Shoots Grow by Pulling
    愚公移山  The Foolish-Old Man Moves the Mountains
    涸轍之鮒  A Carp on a Dry Rut of a Wheel
    小兒辯日  A Debate Between Two Children
    魯侯養鳥  The King of the Lu Feeds a Sea Bird
    望洋興嘆  Gazing at the Sea and Sighing at Its Infinitude
    朝三暮四  Three in the Morning and Four in the Afternoon

 

前言

　　綜合看來，本書主要有以下特色：第一，編者權威。本書編者具備豐富的英語教學與實踐經驗，熟悉中華文化內容，了解英語導遊工作的實際需求。第二，選材豐富，內容實用。本書所選內容都是外國人感興趣的話題，涉及中華文化和導遊工作的各方面，具有較強的知識性和趣味性。第三，語言道地、簡練。我們專門聘請外國專家審校，確保本書語言符合英語習慣，容易被外國遊客理解；另外本書盡量避免使用晦澀難懂的生詞和繁複的句式，而是選用常用詞和簡練的語句，使其口語化，適合講解。

　　本書既是英語輔導的好幫手，也是廣大英語愛好者不可多得的知識讀本。書中若有不足之處，敬請讀者批評指正。