為什麼「吃」令人感到罪惡?
罪惡和享受,看似對立的情緒,卻巧妙地互相牽連。有的時候,越強大的罪惡感會伴隨著更強烈的滿足,像是慢跑後來一杯沁涼的啤酒,在週間晚上追了三小時的劇,或是把蛋糕當作早餐等等。每個人的罪惡感都有不同的來源,而時常被重複提及的,就是食物。
飲食對有些人來說是單純的享受,然而,對我來說,食物常夾帶著一絲難以形容的罪惡感。別誤會,我很愛吃,也喜歡與我所愛的人分享美食。但是有時候我會對於吃完一整個濃郁甜膩的開心果可頌感到罪惡。不久之後,我又會對自己的罪惡感感到羞恥。原本這個可頌應該是要替我的生活帶來快樂,卻因為自己嚴厲的標準瞬間變成了負擔。
自從我有記憶以來,我對於食物的罪惡感似乎從來沒有離開過。很多時候家人點了飯後甜點,我明明也想吃一塊蛋糕,卻常常用自己已經飽了為理由婉拒。長時間下來的抑制自己的慾望,讓我感到心疲力盡。如果每個享樂,都牽掛著罪惡感,這人生豈不是太難了?
2022年,我從波士頓搬到位於美國東北部最小的一州、羅德島中的小鎮普羅維登斯,在羅德島藝術學院念兩年的研究所。小鎮生活很平凡,市區只有一條主要幹道,充斥著高檔餐廳和美式酒吧。除了上課,和在自己的工作室創作,常常閒得發慌,也很想念在台灣的家人。因此,我便每個週末舉辦晚餐派對來招待朋友,讓自己忙碌、生活熱鬧些,以及和朋友聊些藝術以外的事情。
從大概小學六年級開始,我便常常在廚房當媽媽的小幫手。當時的我也許對人生毫無方向,但能把家人餵飽給了我很大滿足跟成就感。如今在一個科技資訊發達的時代,煮菜是我放鬆、療癒自己的方式,因為我可以在這一小時的時間活在當下,專注於烹飪而不受外界雜訊的干擾。在美國這六年,我像是個蝸牛一樣搬了八次家。家具常常在搬家過程中賣掉而買新的,但一路陪著我走的,是那些精心收藏的餐盤。我總是認為美麗的擺盤可以讓食物更好吃,而晚餐派對也給了我新的理由購買更多的盤子招待朋友、分享食物以及彼此的祕密。
為了每週的晚餐派對,我都會自己設計並印出菜單,點上蠟燭,播放著輕鬆的音樂,給予我的聚會一些儀式感。第一次的派對,我做了Alison Roman的檸檬椰棗一鍋雞,另一週,我則是燉了媽媽常做的紅酒燉牛肉。有的時候會讓我的客人DIY做披薩,自己放上大量的莫札瑞拉起司、生火腿和芝麻葉,再淋上橄欖油和義大利黑醋。隨著我舉辦的晚餐派對越來越多,我越來越喜歡大家來家裡吃飯聊天的感覺。
在某次的晚餐上,我和一位來自土耳其和另一位則來自委內瑞拉的女性朋友,在喝了幾杯酒後,突然聊起了彼此和食物、容貌的關係。其中一個朋友跟我說,她曾經經歷過暴食和催吐的惡形循環,而另一位友人則說在看完內衣品牌Victoria's Secret走秀後,對自己的身材感到焦慮。
我當下也分享了自己在國中時期,曾經有減肥的經驗,對自己容貌感到非常不安。但同時,我也很猶豫是不是要把更多的細節和我的朋友們分享。我覺得每搬到一個新的城市,過去急於減肥的自己似乎就離我越來越遙遠,或許也是自己想要盡力忘記那段黑暗的記憶。當天晚上,我害怕她們如果知道我曾經是個十分追求健康的完美主義者,會不會就從此用不同的眼光看待我。畢竟誰會覺得一個愛吃沙拉又愛運動減肥的人有趣呢?
然而,當晚朋友們的勇敢坦白,在我心裡迴盪了好幾天,反思著自己在過去幾年中,對於身材焦慮以及健康態度的變化。生長在台灣的我,從小就覺得嬌小、纖細的女生比較容易被社會大眾肯定。然而來自不同國家的女性,也常有體態焦慮的困擾。因此我更進一步地思考,文化背景如何塑造一個人對自己身材或是美感的看法,以及如何影響每個人的健康習慣。
我很久以前就聽過「Guilty Pleasure」這個概念,意指「帶有罪惡感的享受」,但在深度研究後,我發現這個詞彙充斥著兩個互相衝突的情緒。更重要的是,Gulity Pleasure不只是包含私人情緒,它還反映了社會體系下的結構性問題。例如,社會對女性有很多不切實際的審美標準、資本主義對於工作效率的期待等等,進而影響女性的心理,以及女性對自己在社會上、經濟上、文化上的自我認定。
罪惡感是非常主觀的感受,往往背後都有許多很私人的故事。很多時候我在訪問時,都覺得自己像是窺探別人的隱私,畢竟誰會想要跟一位記者承認自己感到罪惡的原因跟事物呢?儘管如此,我訪問了十四位在新英格蘭地區從事食品業的當地女性,這些行業往往提供讓女性體驗到既愉悅又令人內疚的產品。而另一些女性受訪者從事健康產業,她們的工作則傾向於作為前者的補救甚至良性替代品。
每個受訪者都提供了她們對於「帶有罪惡感的享受」的獨特見解,包含對這個概念的定義、以及其感到罪惡感的原因。有些人因為產品的昂貴而感到罪惡 ; 有些則是因為小時候被父母禁止食用而感到罪惡;有些女性則是因為覺得某些食物對健康和身材管控不利而感到羞恥。
在我的研究過程中,很少人會說,自己從來沒有對享受食物而感到罪惡。
這本書分為四個章節。第一章,我分享了自己在青少年時對減肥和體態焦慮的經驗,以及我的研究動機。第二章,我用了許多社會和科學的文章來佐證為什麼「帶有罪惡感的享受」是一個性別議題,而究竟是哪些因素讓女性比起男性而言,更容易感到罪惡。第三、四章分別包含了我和十四位在美國新英格蘭餐飲及健康行業的女性,以及六位台灣女性的對談,將研究放到真實社會中,看看這些女性對飲食、烹飪、以及外貌形象的看法。
創作這本書的過程對我而言,是一種自我解脫。這十年來,曾經壓抑各種慾望的我,想透過晚餐派對、和飲食界的人對談來和自己的身心和解。透過和女性朋友以及業界女性的對話,我更加發現自我壓抑並不單純是我的問題,而是許多人的共同經驗。也許這不是本心靈成長或是教科書,但希望這本書可以提醒你該用比較溫和的方式來對待自己的身心。有的時候,我們對自己太嚴苛,不給自己享受的理由和機會。但是反過來說,我們真的需要任何理由,才能吃一塊蛋糕嗎?
Eating for some is pure pleasure. For me, it is often laced with guilt. Don’t get me wrong, I love food . . . sharing food is my love language. However, sometimes, I feel guilty when I indulge in a flaky pistachio croissant. Then I feel ashamed of my guilt—a double punishment.
After moving to Providence, Rhode Island, I began hosting weekly dinners for my girlfriends. Each gathering has been a celebration acknowledging our survival of another tough week of graduate school. While I regularly cook simple meals for myself, these occasions have been opportunities to enjoy food together . . . and also to explore our vulnerabilities.
Each week I design and print the dinner menu, light candles, and turn on my home-cooking playlist. One night, I made Alison Roman’s one-pot lemony date chicken; another night, I followed my mom’s beef stew recipe. For fun, I baked pizza with a big heap of mozzarella cheese, prosciutto, and arugula. The more dinners I host at my home, the more I love them.
One night, after a few glasses of wine, a conversation about our relationships with food and body image came up. One friend shared that she used to go through cycles of binge-eating and dieting; another shared her insecurities about her body after watching Victoria’s Secret runway shows.
Like these women, I share a complicated history with body image and dieting. Yet, I’ve hesitated to share my story with my own friends. I worry they might look at me differently if I were to tell them that I used to be a health-obsessed perfectionist.
My friends’ openness still led me to reflect on my past pursuit of the ideal body figure. Coming from Taiwan, where society often prizes women for their small, slight figures, I began to wonder how cultural background affects how women perceive their bodies and approach their own health. While I had heard of the idea of guilty pleasures before, I realized I wanted to research this topic, which was both personal and systemic. My research demonstrated what my friends and I already knew from our lived experience: women’s psyches and bodies are impossibly burdened by the marketing of unrealistic beauty standards and by capitalist expectations of productivity, as they negotiate the complex social, cultural, and financial systems they exist within.
Because guilt is a robust, personal feeling, carrying so many stories within it, I set out to interview local women (all of them identified as cis-gendered females using she/her pronouns) in the wine and food industries, which tend to supply products that women experience as both pleasurable and guilt-inducing, and in the wellness industries, which tend to operate as remedying, even virtuous, alternatives to the former.
Each speaker offered her unique perspective on guilty pleasures—what they are, what the concept means, and why anyone would even feel guilty about pleasure to begin with. Some feel guilty about having treats because those items are expensive; others because these delights were forbidden during childhood; and some because they are afraid of gaining weight and not fitting standards of female beauty.
Rarely did a woman tell me she did not feel guilty at all.
This book is structured in four chapters: In Chapter One, I share my experiences with body image and eating during adolescence. Chapter Two provides scientific and social research about why guilty pleasures are predominantly gendered, and what factors may activate feelings of guilt in women especially. Chapters Three and Four includes my interviews with women regarding their guilty pleasures and personal experiences with eating, cooking, and body image.
I hope this book will speak to you, empower you, and remind you to be more gentle with your body. Sometimes we don’t give ourselves the credit to indulge. But in the end, is credit necessary to enjoy that decadent piece of chocolate cake?