Ruben Leitao Serem is an Assistant Professor in Twentieth-Century European History at the University of Nottingham. His most recent publications include: ’Muerte y miseria en la Ciudad de Dios’ in Miguel Angel del Arco Blanco (ed.), Los anos de hambre (Marcial Pons, 2019), and ’A coup against change’ in Helen Graham (ed.) Interrogating Francoism (Bloombsbury, 2016). He is currently researching Spanish-Portuguese relations during the civil war.