Organized into three parts, this detailed overview of Compton scattering begins with a description of the phenomenon, a discussion of theory, and a look at relevant background materials. It introduces advanced technologies and issues associated with the modern embodiments of Compton scattering light sources, including high-brightness, relativistic electron beams, ultra-high-intensity laser pulses, x-ray and gamma-ray instrumentation, and diagnostics. Exploring state-of-the-art developments, technical details, and new research areas, chapters highlight applications, illuminating the underlying physical processes and relative merit for each.