Mindfulness is associated with positive effects on physical health (reduced pain, symptoms of fibromyalgia and cancer, improved healing times and immune function), mental health and well-being (reduced stress, social anxiety disorder, depression and improved mood, quality of life) (Baer 2003; Proulx 2003; Roemer, Salters-Pedneault et al. 2006; Lakey, Campbell et al. 2007; Leary and Tate 2007; Toneatto and Nguyen 2007;
Carmody and Baer 2008; Praissman 2008; Chiesa and Serretti 2009) and with reducing risky behaviors such as gambling (Lakey, Campbell et al. 2007), binge eating (Kristeller and Hallett 1999; Kristeller and Wolever 1999) and smoking (Arcari 1997